TWa) (WjJI^ . 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



Henry Snyder, A.M., Sc.D. 



Superintendent of Schools, Jersey City, New Jersey 

EARLY HISTORY 



New Netherland — the Dutch Colony includ- 
ing New York and New Jersey, l^ing Charles 

The original inhabitants of New Jersey H granted it to his brother, the Duke of 
were Indians of the Delaware tribe, which York, who in turn granted that part of it 
belonged to the Algonquin family. The lying between the Hudson and Delaware 
early white settlers were of different nation- rivers to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George 
alities, — Dutch, Swedes, English, and French. Carteret. The latter had been governor of 
The geographical names of the state are the Isle of Jersey, and their new grant was 
interesting reminders of the various occu- named New Jersey m his honor. Disagree- 
pants. ments between Carteret and Berkeley led 

The first exploration of the state was the latter to sell his interest to other pro- 
made by Henry Hudson, who, in the em- prietors, among whom afterwards was Wil- 
ploy of the Dutch East 
India Company, sailed for a 
week in 1609 on the waters 
of Delaware Bay and Dela- 
ware River, which the Dutch 
called South River, in search 
of a northwest passage to 
India. Failing to find it, 



Ham Penn. In 1676 the 
colony was divided into 
East Jersey and West Jersey 
by a line running from 
Little Egg Harbor to the 
Delaware in the northern 
part of the state. It is be- 
cause of this division that 
the state is still often re- 
ferred to as " the Jerseys." 
In 1702 the proprietors sur- 
rendered their proprietary 
rights to the crown. From 
that time to its independ- 
ence the whole of New 
Jersey was under royal 
government. 

Five representatives from 
New Jersey signed the Dec- 
laration of Independence, 
the state, but were expelled by the Dutch. The position of the state made it " The 
The Dutch made settlements at various War Path of the Revolution." Paulus 
places, some of which proved to be only Hook, Springfield, Morristown,' Monmouth, 
temporary. The first permanent settlement Princeton, and Trenton are famous names in 
in New Jersey was at Bergen, now a part of Revolutionary history. The troops of the 
Jersey City, to which was granted a town state were in every conflict. In the army of 
form of government, separate from that of General Wayne, which punished the Indians 
New Amsterdam, in 1660. after the Wyoming massacre, one third were 

In 1664 the English took possession of New Jersey soldiers under General Maxwell. 

E.P. g Copyright, 1916, 1921. by American Boot: Comimny. i 

§)CU608777 



he sailed north and entered 
New York Bay and Hudson 
River, or North River, as it 
is still called. In 1614 the 
Dutch founded New Am- 
sterdam, afterwards New 
York, and, about the same 
time, established a trading 
post in what is now Hudson 
County. Later the Swedes 
attempted settlements in 
the southwestern part of 




Trenton Battle Monument 



-we ) 



1-/37 
.G67 




MAR 22 1921 



IV 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



POSITION AND SIZE 

New Jersey lies between 73° 55' and 75° 
32' west longitude and between 38° 56' and 
41° 21' north latitude. Its northernmost 
point is marked by a rock on the shore 
of the Delaware River just south ot Port 
Jervis, New York, known as Tri-States Rock. 
From this point to Cape May the length 
of the state is 166 miles. Its narrowest 
part, between Trenton and Raritan Bay, is 
335 miles wide. Its widest part, measured 
on a line extending northwest from Great 
Egg Inlet, is 57 miles wide. 

It is the smallest of the Middle Atlantic 
states and has an area of 8224 square miles, 
of which 7514 square miles are land surface 
and 710 square miles are water surface. 
It is the forty-fifth of the states in size. 

RELIEF 

In a general way the surface of New 
Jersey may be described as mountainous in 
the northern part, undulating in the middle 
part, and low and sandy in the southern 
part. The state is divided into four prov- 
inces or zones ; namely, the Appalachian 
zone, the Highlands, the Piedmont Plateau, 
and the Coastal Plain. These zones e.xtend 
from southwest to northeast. 




Tri-States Rock in the Delaware River. The rock 
on which the man stands is at the intersection of New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York boundaries 




Topographic provinces of New Jersey 



1 he Appalachian zone, which consists of 
Kictatinny Mountain and Kittatinny Valley, 
extends across the northwestern part of 
the state from the Delaware River in the 
vicinity of the Delaware Water Gap to the 
New York state line. The width of this 
belt varies from twelve to fourteen miles. 
The Kittatinny Mountain extends along 
the Delaware River for thirty miles in the 
northwestern corner of the state. It extends 
into Pennsylvania, where it is known as 
Blue Mountain. The height of this range 
varies from 1500 feet to 1800 feet. Its 
highest point and the highest in the state 
is High Point, which has an elevation of 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 




Relief map of New Jersey 



1804 feet. The Kittatinny Valley is on 
the southeast side of Kittatinny Mountain 
and runs parallel with it. 

The Appalachian zone, with its rugged 
surface, extensive forests, and many lakes, 
is noted for its beautiful scenery, which 
attracts many summer visitors. The Dela- 
ware Water Gap is particularly noted on 
this account. This is a break in the Kitta- 
tinny Mountain through which the Dela- 
ware River flows. Because of the rough 
surface this section of the state is not 
adapted to agriculture, although on the 
bottom lands bordering on the streams and 
in the Kittatinny Valley there are many 



farms devoted to the raising of crops and 
to grazing. 

The second zone, The Highlands, immedi- 
ately southeast of the Appalachian zone, 
extends from the Delaware River into New 
York. Its southeastern boundary passes 
near Morristown and Boonton. This zone 
is from ten to twenty miles wide. Its height 
generally varies from 900 teet to 1400 feet. 
Hamburg Mountain and Wawayanda Moun- 
tain reach an altitude of 1469 feet. The 
Highlands, as well as the Appalachian zone, 
belong to the Appalachian region, but in 
New Jersey the term "Appalachian" is 
applied only to the region consisting of 
Kittatinny Mountain and Valley. 

The Highlands contain many irregular 
mountain masses, interspersed with fertile 
valleys, and much forest land. The zone 
contains, besides, many lakes, most of which 
are of glacial origin. The section is conse- 
quently one of great natural beauty, and is 
a popular resort for many who desire out- 
door recreation. There is much fertile farm 
land and land suitable for grazing. Parts 
of it are specially suitable for the raising of 
peaches and other fruits. It contains many 
valuable mineral deposits, including gravel, 
cement rock, zinc, and iron. 

Next to the Highlands and parallel with 
it is the Piedmont Plateau. This extends 
from the Delaware River to the northeast 
corner of the state and is about thirty miles 
wide. Its southeastern boundary is a line 
running from Trenton to Woodbridge in 
Middlesex County, which represents in this 
state the Fall Line (Sec. 47). It comprises 
about one fifth of the area of the state. Its 
elevation varies from sea level to about 
900 feet. 

The Piedmont Plateau is characterized by 
the presence of red sandstone and shale. 
Its surface is very irregular. In its eastern 
part it is undulating or rolling. In the 
western, it contains higher lands which may 
be called plateaus. It contains also irregular 



VI 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



ridges such as the Watchung 
Mountains, the Pahsades, 
and the mountains in Hunter- 
don County. The Watchung 
Mountains and the Pahsades 
are composed of trap rock, 
which in a molten condition 
was forced up through over- 
lying rock strata. The east- 
ern sides of these trap ridges 
are steep slopes. The under- 
lying sandstone has been worn 
away while the harder trap rock has resisted 
erosion. 

The Falls of the Passaic River at Paterson 
are located in this section. These falls, 
which are seventy feet high, were formed by 
the water passing over the hard trap rock 
and wearing away the softer rock below. 

Because of the nearness of the Piedmont 
Plateau to the great commercial centers of 
the country and the excellent facilities for 
transportation, most of the larger cities of 
the state are located in this zone. 

The fourth zone, the Coastal Plain, includes 
the remainder of the state south and east of 
the Fall Line. The land of this zone is high- 
est in the interior along a range of elevations 
extending from Atlantic Highlands in the 
northeast to Mount Hollv in the southwest. 






Barnegat lighthouse 




and slopes outward from 
these elevations towards the 
margins of the zone. The 
greatest elevation is 390 feet, 
which is found in Monmouth 
County. About three fourths 
of this portion of the state 
has an elevation of less than 
100 feet and about one third 
has an elevation of less than 
50 feet. The Coastal Plain is 
bordered along Delaware Bay 
and the Atlantic Coast by salt marshes, or 
tidal marshes, often called salt meadows, 
whose elevation above sea level is rarely as 
much as four feet. The total area of these 
marshes, including those of the valley of the 
Hackensack River, is almost 660 square miles. 
Along the Atlantic coast the marshes are 
separated from the ocean by beaches. These 
are low ridges of sand, constructed in the 
shallow water by the action of the waves 
and wind. These beaches are absent along 
the shore of Delaware Bay and along the 
coast from Manasquan to Monmouth Beach. 
The water between the beaches and the main- 
land is shallow and is becoming more shallow 
because of the deposit of sediment which is 
washed down from the land by streams. 
Although the coast line of the state along 
the Atlantic is 120 miles 
long, there are no good 
harbors on this line, 
because of the barrier 
beaches and the shallow- 
ness of the water be- 
tween the beaches and 
the mainland. 

The northern fourth of 
New Jersey was covered 
by ice during the Glacial 
Period (Sec. 32). It 
therefore contains many 
moraines, or deposits of 
material carried along by 
the glacier. These de- 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



Vll 




posits consist of clay, sand, gravel, and 
bowlders. In some places they take the 
form of hills or ridges, in others they are 
spread out as level sheets. Some valleys 
are partly filled b\' them. Many lakes in 
the northern part of the state occupy basins 
which were scooped out by the glacier, or 
were formed from river valleys whose out- 
lets were blocked by glacial deposits. The 
terminal moraine which marks the southern 
limit of the glacier extends from Belvidere, 
through Morristown, to Perth Amboy. As 
the ice passed over the hard rocks of the 
mountains it polished their surfaces, and left 
in them scratches, which indicate the general 
southward movement of the glacier. 

The Coastal Plain was once beneath the 
ocean and was part of the continental shelf 
which extends along the Atlantic. The an- 
cient shore is now the Fall Line. 



CLIMATE 

The climate of New Jersey is milder and 
less subject to extreme fluctuation than 
that of the interior states in the same latitude, 
because it extends along the ocean (Sec. 
107). The average annual temperature of 
New Jersey is 51.5°. The average annual 
temperature of the extreme northern part 
is 5° lower than that of the extreme southern 
end of the state. The lower temperature 
of the northern part of the state is due to 
the higher latitude, its distance from the 
ocean, and its greater altitude. 

The prevailing winds are from the west 
and northwest. New Jersey is in the track 
of storms, which cross the continent from the 
west. The south and east winds blowing 
from the ocean toward the storm centers 
bring with them much moisture and insure 
the state an ample rainfall. Local showers 
or thunderstorms which move from the 
west or northwest are frequent in the spring 
and summer months. In the summer time 
all along the coast the benefit of sea breezes 
is felt (Sec. 372). 

The rainfall is sufficient for all kinds of 
crops which can be grown in the state. It 
is greatest in the northeastern part of the 
state, where the annual precipitation is more 
than fifty inches ; and least in the southern 
and southwestern part along Delaware Bay, 
where it is about forty-one inches. 




Sandy Hook from the Highland Light 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 




'Atlautit' Oity 
Great Egg InUt 



Drainage basins in t^ew Jersey 



DRAINAGE 

The divide between the streams that 
flow into the Delaware River and Delaware 
Bay on the west and those that flow into the 
Hudson River, Newark Bay, New York 
Bay, Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and 
Atlantic Ocean on the east is a very irreg- 
ular line extending from the northwest corner 
of the state to Cape May. It is so near the 
Delaware River and Delaware Bay that only 
a little more than one third of the state is 
drained into these waters. The tributaries 
which drain this basin are, therefore, small. 
The eastern drainage area contains several 



rivers of considerable size. The Wallkill 
River flows northeast through the north- 
western part of this state and through the 
southeast corner of New York into the 
Hudson River. The Hackensack River rises 
in New York and flows south into Newark 
Bay. The Passaic River, which has as 
tributaries Saddle River, Pompton River, 
Ramapo River, Wanaque River with Green- 
wood Lake, Pequannock River, and Rock- 
away River, follows a very tortuous course 
and flows into Newark Bay. Just north of 
the middle of the state is the Raritan River, 
which rises near the Delaware River and 
flows into Raritan Bay. 

All the rivers which flow into the Atlantic 
Ocean or mto the bays which border the 
state are affected by the tidal flow, and the 
largest are navigable for at least some parts 
of their courses. In the case of the Dela- 
ware the tide extends to Trenton. Impor- 
tant cities which are located on tidal waters 
are Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, Newark, 
Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, 
Long Branch, Asbury Park, Atlantic City, 
Camden, and Trenton. 

Between the Watchung Mountains on the 
east and south and the Highlands on the 
northwest is a broad, flat basin, which is 
drained by the Passaic River. Before the 
Glacial Period the Passaic River did not flow 
from this basin through the mountains at 
Little Falls and Paterson, as it does now. 
This area was then drained by a stream 
which crossed the Watchung Mountains 
near Summit and Millburn and flowed south- 
east into the sea. During the Glacial Period 
most of this basin was covered by the ice 
sheet. As the ice receded, this gap in the 
Watchung Mountains was filled with glacial 
drift and there was formed a large lake, 
which the geologists call Lake Passaic and 
which was drained for a long time by a 
stream which flowed southwest through the 
hills near Liberty Corner into the Raritan 
River. As the ice sheet receded still farther 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



IX 



north, the gaps through the mountains at 
Little Falls and Paterson were exposed. As 
these gaps are lower than the older outlets, 
the water of Lake Passaic escaped through 
them over the present course of the Passaic 
River to Newark Bay, and the lake disap- 
peared. These changes in the drainage of 
the Passaic basm explam the presence of 
much swampy land in this section. 

The water power generated by the rapid 
descent of the streams in the part of the 
state lying north of the Fall Line has long 
been utilized for manufacturing purposes, 
and mills are found along all the streams in 
this part of the state. The location of 
Paterson as a manufacturing center is due to 
the water power developed from the Passaic 
Falls. At Trenton, water power is secured 
from the rapids of the Delaware River. In 
the northern part of the state, several 
streams and lakes are used to provide elec- 
tric power and light. 

Closely connected with drainage systems 
and dependent largely upon them are the 
methods of supplying water to the people 
of towns and cities for domestic purposes. 
Formerly water for such purposes was ob- 
tained from near-by springs, wells, and 
streams. As population increased, the local 
sources of water supply became contami- 
nated and dangerous to health. This danger 
and the larger quantity of water required 
by the increased population and by manu- 
facturing interests have forced the larger 
cities to make provision for securing their 
water supply from sources, more or less 
remote, which are not subject to pollution. 
Their water-supply systems include pump- 
ing stations, reservoirs for storage, and long 
pipe lines. The drainage basins from which 
water is taken for municipal purposes are 
located in the thinly populated parts of the 
state. The northern mountainous section, 
which is not specially profitable for agri- 
culture and other purposes, is particularly 
useful in furnishing sources of water supply. 



The many large cities in the northern part 
of the state draw their water from the 
upper parts of the Hackensack, Passaic, 
and Raritan basins. Formerly Newark and 
Jersey City drew their water from the 
Passaic River not far above the former city. 
This river was gradually so polluted by the 
sewage and the waste of factories discharged 
into it, that it had to be abandoned as a 
source of supply. These cities now bring 
their water long distances, Newark using the 
Pequannock basin, and Jersey City the 
Rockaway. In some cases water is obtained 
from artesian wells. 

The pollution of streams by city sewers 
and drains from factories destroys fish in 
fresh-water streams. The damage extends 
even into tidal waters, and many oyster 
and clam fisheries in the bays have been 
abandoned. The state is alive to the neces- 
sity of protecting its streams against con- 
tamination of all kinds and has enacted 
legislation designed to maintain their purity 
by preventing the flow of sewage and other 
objectionable matter into them. It has 
provided for the construction of a trunk- 
line sewer along the valley of the Passaic 
from Paterson to the sea, into which the 
sewers of the cities along its course will be 
discharged. In cooperation with Pennsyl- 
vania the state has passed laws to prevent 
the pollution of the Delaware River. 

PLANTS AND ANIMALS 

Forests. — When the state was first settled 
it was covered with a vast primeval forest, 
consisting of pine, oak, maple, chestnut, 
hickory, ash, walnut, tulip, poplar, and 
cedar. For many years lumbering was an 
important industry, but it ceased a long 
time ago, after the best timber had been 
cut down. In the northern part of the 
state, where agriculture is difficult or impos- 
sible, the mountains are still covered with 
forests which promise to be of great value 
in the future. In the southern part, the 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



section called "The Pines" is covered with 
stunted pines mingled with scrub oak. In 
all parts of the state are isolated forested 
areas of varied extent. About forty per 
cent of the total land surface of the state is 
covered with forest growth. 

Until a very recent period no organized 
efforts were made to protect forest trees 
against forest fires or other destructive 
agencies, or to provide for reforestation. 
The state has, however, realized the com- 
mercial value of its forests and the impor- 
tance of promoting their growth on lands 
that are not available for farming purposes. 
The state has also recognized the value of 
forests in preventing floods (Sees. 93, 136, 
224). In recent years an additional reason 
for forest protection is the necessity of pre- 
serving the soils of the forested areas in the 
drainage basins from which the cities obtain 
their supply of water, so that by the storage 
of water in the soils and underlying rock 
strata the supply may at all times be constant 
and sufficient. The use ot trees tor shade 
and wind breaks and their natural beauty 
also justify their protection and care. For 
these reasons the state has adopted legisla- 
tion which provides for the growth ot trees 
and forests. It owns and maintains six 
torest reserves located in ditferent parts 
of the state, containing nearly 14,000 acres, 




which are being devoted to forest culture. 
It has authorized the counties to create 
extensive parks and has provided for the 
diffusion of important information regard- 
ing the care of forests. It maintains look- 
out stations from which forest fires may be 
detected, and a force of firewardens to pre- 
vent or extinguish fires and to arrest those 
who cause them. This state and New York, 
acting together, have created the Palisades 
Interstate Park, which embraces thousands 
of acres of forest land in the latter state and 
the Palisades for a distance of twelve miles 
along the Hudson in New Jersey. 

Animals. — The larger wild animals have 
practically disappeared, although the red 
deer is still frequently found in the northern 
and southern parts of the state because of 
the protection afforded this animal by the 
laws. Here are, also, still many of the 
smaller animals, such as the rabbit and 
squirrel. In many parts of the state wild 
ducks and quail are numerous. 

The fresh-water streams and lakes abound 
in bass, trout, pickerel, and perch. In the 
spring the shad fisheries along the Delaware 
are very profitable. The catch of sturgeon 
IS also very large. All these waters are con- 
stantly restocked by means of the hatcheries 
near Hackettstown which the state main- 
tains. The shad fisheries of the Hudson 
were formerly extensive, but owing chiefly 
to destructive methods of fishing and to the 
pollution of the river this industry has 
practically disappeared. 

The sheltered bays and inlets of the state 
and the nearness of the fisheries to the 
markets have made the salt water fisheries 
very successful. Bluefish and weakfish for 
food, and menhaden for oil and fertilizer are 
caught along the coast in large quantities, 
while in the bays and coves immense quan- 
tities of oysters and clams are gathered. 
Important centers of this industry are Key- 
port, Barnegat Bay, Tuckerton, Absecon, 
Maurice River Cove, and Bivalve. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY" 



XI 



AGRICULTURE 

Soils. — In the northern part of the state 
the sides of the higher mountains are steep 
and are in many places denuded of soil. In 
the valleys and on the hills north of the 
terminal moraine the soil 
consists largely of glacial 
drift, which is composed of 
clay, sand, and gravel mixed 
with bowlders. This soil is 
fertile, but a large part of it 
IS not easy to cultivate, be- 
cause of the large stones in 
It and because of the rugged 
surface. South of the termi- 
nal moraine, in the High- 
lands and in the Piedmont 
Plateau, the soil is composed 
of gravel and sand washed 
down by streams from the 
glacial deposits farther north 
and of disintegrated underlying rocks, which 
in the Highlands consisted largely of gneiss 
and in the Piedmont Plateau of sandstones 
and shales. The soil of the Coastal Plain 
consists of extensive deposits of gravel, sand, 
clay, and marl deposited in the ocean, which 
once covered this region. The gravel, sand, 
and clay were carried into it by the streams 
which flowed from the north. The marl con- 
sists largely of very small shells of animals 
that lived in the sea. This mixed soil is 
very fertile, particularly that in which there 
is an abundance of marl. This is found in 
the " Marl Belt," which is a strip of land 
extending from the Atlantic Highlands south- 
west past Trenton and Mount Holly as far as 
Salem. Its width varies, being widest at its 
northeastern end and becoming narrower 
and less rich in marl toward the southwest. 
Formerly marl was used extensively as a 
fertilizer to enrich poorer soils, hut it has 
been generally displaced by the richer com- 
mercial fertilizers. The so-called " Pine Bar- 
rens " which cover a large part of the Plain, 



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east of the Marl Belt, are comparatively 
unproductive, but by proper cultivation and 
the application of fertilizers, these areas can 
be made very productive. 

Crops. — In the production of grain crops 
the state cannot, on account of its varied 
surface and its small farms, 
compete with the western 
states with their great plains 
and large farms. Wheat is 
produced mainly for local 
consumption. Corn is grown 
in large quantities in all parts 
of the state. Rye and buck- 
wheat are also raised in 
limited quantities. Much 
of the land, particularly 
that which is not adapted 
to the growth of other crops, 
is devoted to pasture and 
hay. Many circumstances 
are extremely favorable to 
special agricultural industries whose products 
are vegetables, fruits, flowers, poultry, eggs, 
milk, and butter. These are : the climate, 
with its mild winters and generous rainfall; 
the fertility of the soil; the large permanent 
population of the state ; the presence of 
thousands of visitors from other states at the 
summer resorts of the state ; the nearness of 
the farm lands of the state to the great cities 
of New York and Philadelphia; and the ex- 
cellent facilities for the rapid transportation 
of agricultural products to the markets. 

The constant demand of the large cities 
makes market gardening very profitable, and 
this industry is carried on in all parts of the 
state, but with special intensity in those sec- 
tions which are near the cities. All kinds of 
vegetables are raised. Of these the potato 
crop is the most valuable. In the southern 
counties, which have a sandy soil, large 
crops of sweet potatoes are produced. This 
section is also prominent in the cultivation 
of tomatoes, beans, and peas, great quantities 
of which are used in the canning industry. 



Xll 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 















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New Jersey Experiment Station, New Brunswick 



Cabbages, celery, and onions are valuable 
products. The demand for fresh, early vege- 
tables has encouraged market gardeners to 
devote mcreased attention to growing vege- 
tables under glass. 

Fruits of all kinds are raised in all parts 
of the state. In the northwestern section 
of the state, in parts of Warren, Morris, 
and Hunterdon counties, peaches are grown 
in great quantities on the stony soil of the 
glacial drift which is not favorable to gen- 
eral farming. In the western section apples 
and pears are abundant. While straw- 
berries, blackberries, raspberries, and grapes 
are grown in all parts of the state, they are 
grown in special abundance in the southern 
part of the state. In this section establish- 
ments for the bottling of unfermented grape 
juice have grown up. Huckleberries are 
common in the wooded sections of the 
northern and southern parts of the state. 
Cranberry bogs are found in Atlantic, Bur- 
lington, and Ocean counties. 

Animal Products. — Dairy farming is success- 
ful in all parts of the state, particularly in 
the sections in which pasture and hay are 



easily obtained, and in which 
facilities for the prompt trans- 
portation of milk to the 
cities are at hand. Milk is 
produced not only by the 
general farmer but also by 
special dairy farms, which, 
by devoting special attention 
to the care and feeding of 
cattle and to the handling of 
the milk, produce milk of a superior quality. 
Poultry raising and the production of 
eggs are profitable. The poultry industry is 
especially extensive in Cumberland, Atlantic, 
and Ocean counties. 

With the increase in the population of the 
cities the farm land of the state is growing 
in extent and value, but it is clear that more 
rapid growth is possible and desirable. The 
State Agricultural School at Rutgers College, 
with Its Experiment Station and practical 
courses of instruction, is doing much to 
improve agriculture in New Jersey. 

MINERALS 

Iron ore is found in many parts of the 
state. The mines of Morris County in the 
Highlands are the most productive. Iron 
ore was smelted at Shrewsbury in the seven- 
teenth century by Colonel Lewis Morris, 
and in many places at the time of the Revolu- 
tion. The iron industry of the state was 
most extensive and successful during the 
third quarter of the last century. The 
greater abundance and richness of western 
ores has since made it impossible to operate 




A dairy farm in Middlesex County. Corn for silage is growing in front of tlie buildings 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



xiu 




most of the mines and furnaces of Warren 
and Morris counties profitably. The indus- 
try has therefore dechned. A few mines 
are still worked, however, in these two 
counties. Very rich zinc mines are located 
in Sussex County, in the neighborhood of 
Franklin Furnace. In the production of 
zinc this state ranks fifth among the states 
of the Union. 

Granite of good quality is found in the 
Appalachian and Highland zones. Fhe 
quarrying of this material is a rapidly grow- 
ing industry. Besides granite the sand- 
stone of the Piedmont Plateau is widely 
used for building purposes. Slate is quarried 
to some extent in Sussex and Warren coun- 
ties. Talc, or soapstone, which, ground 
into powder, is used in making certain kinds 
of paper and for other purposes, is found in 
Warren County. The production of cement 
from limestone and shale, found in the 
western part of the Highlands near Phillips- 
burg, has grown to be a very important 
industry. This industry and the quarrying 
of slate are parts of the great cement and 
slate industries of the adjacent section of 
Pennsylvania, across the Delaware, near 
Easton, which are among the most impor- 
tant in the country. The trap rock of the 
Piedmont Plateau is used for building pur- 
poses, road making, and railroad beds. Its 
hardness makes it particularly valuable for 
macadam roads. In all parts of the state 



are found deposits of sand and gravel neces- 
sary in building operations. 

The beds of marl found in the Coastal 
Plain have already been mentioned. This 
region also contains very valuable beds of 
white sand and fine clay. This sand is 
used in the making of glass, and has caused 
the establishment of many glass factories 
in the southwestern part of the state. Mold- 
ing sand IS also found in great (juantity. 
The most extensive beds of clay are found 
in Mercer and Middlesex counties. In the 
former they are used in the making ot pottery 
and in the latter in the making of brick, 
terra cotta, tile, and other clay products. 
The enormous industries of Trenton and of 
Perth Amboy and its vicinity are due to the 
presence of these clays. For the finer pot- 
tery, clays brought from other states or 
countries are used. Much clay is shipped 
from this state to other states. 

Manufacturing. — New Jersey is an im- 
portant manufacturing state. In this state 
the manufacturing industries have been de- 
veloped in a remarkable degree by a combina- 
tion of conditions and causes. Very early 
in the history of New Jersey the people 
of the state were forced by their own needs 
and the demands of their neighbors to estab- 
lish manufacturing, and thus this industry 
has the advantage of many years of growth. 
The state is rich in certain important natural 
resources, which have been mentioned. It 




Pottery works, Trenton 



XIV 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



has profited greatly by its nearness to the 
coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and to 
the two great cities of New York and Phila- 
delphia, with their enormous demands for 
manufactured products. The number of in- 
telligent and skillful workers in the state 
is unusually large. The facilities for rapid 
transportation, both of raw materials from 
all sources and of finished products to all 
markets, are unusually abundant. The navi- 
gable waters which fringe the state, and the 
transcontinental railroad svstems with their 
branches, which cross it, facilitate shipments 
to every part of the world. 

Among the most important manufactures 
of New Jersey are refined copper, silk and 
silk goods, foundry and machine shop prod- 
ucts, petroleum products, packed meats, 
woolen and telt goods, wire, leather and 
leather goods, electrical machinery, tobacco 
manufactures, chemicals, and ships. (See 
Table II for other manufactures.) 

Nearly one sixth of the people of the state 
are engaged in the manufacturing industries. 
Only four states, Massachusetts, Rhode Is- 
land, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, show 
a larger proportion of workers engaged in 
manufacturing. Although New Jersey is 
forty-fifth in area and ninth in population, 
this state is sixth in the total value of manu- 
factured goods, first in the manufacture of 
silk and silk goods, in the smelting and re- 



fining of copper, in the manufacture of oil 
cloth and linoleum and of sewing machines, 
second in the manufacture of chemicals, 
rubber goods, pottery, terra cotta, and fine 
clay products, and of paint and varnish, third 
in the manufacture of electrical machinery 
and supplies, and fourth in the manufacture 
of soap and gold and silver articles. 

TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION 

In the early days of the state communi- 
cation between the settlements was by 
Indian trails, which, as travel increased, 
expanded into roads. Settlements on tbe 
coast were also connected by sailing vessels. 
The roads gradually increased in number 
and length as the interior of the state was 
developed. Little effort was made, however, 
toward keeping the public roads in good 
condition. The difliculties of travel and 
transportation led to the construction of 
many " turnpikes," or roads built by private 
companies, which charged tolls for their 
use. With very few exceptions these have 
been made public roads. 

In the early part of the nineteenth century 
the foundations of transportation by steam- 
boat, canals, and railroads were laid. The 
Morris Canal, from Phillipsburg to Jersey 
City, was projected and constructed to 
bring anthracite coal from Pennsylvania 
to the iron forges of northern New Jersey 




GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XV 




and to New York Bay, and to connect the 
towns along its route with the city of New 
York. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
from Bordentown to New Brunswick, the 
Camden and Amboy Radroad, and the New 
Jersey Railroad were constructed in order 
to increase transportation facilities between 
Philadelphia and New York harbor. Now 
all parts of the state are connected with each 
other and with those great centers by many 
railroad lines. The importance of our rail- 
roads has been much increased by the develop- 
ment of the West and by the geographical 
location of the state in the path of direct 
communication between the western states 
and the city of New '^'ork. All the trunk 
lines from the Middle West, with one excep- 
tion, pass through New Jersey, and have 
terminals in Jersey City, Hoboken, and Wee- 
hawken. The state has 2464 miles of rail- 
road, a greater mileage compared with its 
area than any other state. Besides, there 
are 1294 miles of electric railway which 
traverse all parts of the state and connect 
all important points. 

Because of the superior advantages of 
railroads, the canals are now obsolete, the 
Morris Canal being practically abandoned. 
The traffic between New York and Phila- 
delphia is growing so rapidly that it is prob- 
able that the Delaware and Raritan Canal 
may be widened and deepened and thus may 
become a barge or ship canal. 

Communication with Pennsylvania over 
the Delaware is by means of many ferries 
and bridges. There is no bridge between 



New Jersey and New York over the Hudson, 
but the construction of one has been pro- 
posed. Until 1908 the only means of com- 
munication was by ferries. The Pennsylvania 
Railroad now enters New York by tunnels 
extending from the Hackensack meadows to 
its terminal in the city, and Jersey City and 
Hoboken are also connected with New York 
by tunnels. In cooperation with the State of 
New York, New Jersey has provided for the 
construction of a tunnel for vehicles between 
Jersey City and New York, and, in cooperation 
with Pennsylvania, of a bridge over the Dela- 
ware between Camden and Philadelphia. 

The state is noted for its excellent roads. 
The state and municipalities are spending 
vast sums of money on their construction and 
maintenance. Funds for state roads, which 
are in charge of a State Highway Commission, 
are obtained from the issuance of automobile 
licenses and from a special road tax. 

RECREATION AND HEALTH 

New Jersey is rich in its facilities for 
recreation and recuperation. The long sea 
coast is one long line of attractive summer 
resorts, which are famous all over the world, 
while some places are pleasure and Iiealth 
resorts all the year round, and attractions 
of a different kind are found in abundance 
among the mountains, woods, lakes, and 
streams of the northern part of the state. 

Under authority given by state law the 
counties and cities have provided many 
parks and playgrounds and have adopted 



XVI 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 




The Board Walk, Atlantic City 



progressive plans for extending these health- 
ful provisions. 

The state has adopted stringent measures 
regarding sanitation, protection against dis- 
ease, protection against injury in manufactur- 
ing, housing conditions, safety in travel, pro- 
tection of minors in permissible occupations, 
and the segregation and treatment of the 
tuberculous. State laws provide for the pay- 
ment of damages to persons injured in the in- 
dustries, and of pensions to dependent widows. 

The salt marshes are a menace to health 
and comfort because they are breeding places 
tor mosquitoes. The counties are authorized 
by law to spend large sums of money for the 
purpose of destroying these pests. 

GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 

Government. — The Constitution of New 
Jersey divides the government into three 
departments, — legislative, executive, and ju- 
dicial. Ihe legislative department is vested 
in the legislature, which is composed of the 
senate and the general assembly. The sen- 
ate is composed of one senator from each 
county, elected by the voters for three vears. 
The general assembly is composed of sixty 
assemblymen apportioned among the counties 
according to population and elected bv the 
voters for one year. The executive power 
is vested in the governor, who is elected for 
a term of three years. A person cannot be 



governor for two successive 
terms. The judicial power is 
vested in many courts, of which 
the principal are the court of 
errors and appeals, which is the 
highest court, court of chancery, 
supreme court, circuit court, 
and courts of common pleas or 
coimt\- courts. The judges are 
appointed by the governor with 
the approval of the senate. 

The principal state officers, 
besides the governor, are secre- 
tary of state, state treasurer, state comp- 
troller, and attorne\-general. 

The state is divided into twenty-one 
counties, which are again divided into town- 
ships, cities, boroughs, and towns. Each of 
these has its own government, which is ad- 
ministered in accordance with laws passed 
by the legislature. The principal county 
officers besides the judge are sheriff, county 
clerk, surrogate, coroner, county collector, 
and members of the- board of freeholders 
who are elected by vote of the people. 

The counties maintain courthouses, peni- 
tentiaries, farms or homes for the aged poor, 
and may provide parental homes or deten- 
tion homes for juvenile delinquents or juvenile 
witnesses. 

The state is represented in the United 
States Congress by two senators and twelve 
representatives. 




GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



xvu 




State Normal, Montclair 




State Normal, Trenton 




Education. — The Constitution requires 
that " the legislature shall provide for the 
maintenance and support of a thorough and 
efficient system of free public schools for the 
instruction " of the children of the state. 
It is because of this requirement and the 
desire of the people to enforce it that the 
state has such excellent schools. 

The principal officers of the state depart- 
ment of public instruction are the members of 
the state board of education, the commissioner 
of education, and four assistant commissioners. 
Each county has a county superintendent of 
schools, and each city and large town has its 
own board of education and superintendent 
of schools or supervising principal. 

In the school year 1919— 
1920 the number of pupils 
who attended the public 
schools was 591,798. The 
number ot teachers was 
18,873. Because of good 
schools and of compulsory 
school attendance, tiiere were 
in 1910, only 113,502 illiter- 
ates, or persons of ten years 
of age and over who could 
not read or write, or 5.6 per 
cent of the total population. 
Of these illiterates, 93,000 
were of foreign birth and 
less than one per cent were 
of native white parentage. 




State normal schools for the training of 
teachers are located at Trenton, Montclair, 
Newark, and Glassboro. Citv normal schools 
are maintained for the same purpose by Jersey 
City, Paterson, Trenton, and Camden. 
The state maintains summer schools for the 
preparation of teachers and makes appro- 
priations to the State Agricultural College, 
a department of Rutgers College at New 
Brunswick. Special schools maintained by 
the state are : Farnum School, at Beverly, 
which is associated with the Trenton Normal 
School ; the School for the Deaf at Trenton ; 
and the Manual Training and Industrial 
School for Colored Youths at Bordentown. 
Higher institutions of learning which are 
located in New Jersey are : 
Princeton University at 
Princeton, Rutgers College 
at New Brunswick, Stevens 
Institute of Technology at 
Hoboken, St. Peter's College 
at Jersey City, College of 
St. Elizabeth at Convent 
Station, Mount St. Mary's 
College at Plaintield, Drew 
Theological Seminary at 
Madi.son, Seton Hall College 
at South Orange, Upsala Col- 
lege at Kenilworrh, Bloom- 
field Theological Seminary 
at Bloomfield, and College 
of Jersey City. 





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The metropolitan district including northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XIX 



POPULATION 

The population of New Jersey in 1910, 
according to the United States Census, was 
2,537,168; and the density of population, 
or the number of people per square mile, 
was 337-7. In 1920, according to the United 
States Census, the population was 3,155,900, 
an increase of 24.4 per cent., giving a density 
of 420. Compared with other states. New 
Jersey was tenth in population, and third 
in density of population, Rhode Island being 
first and Massachusetts second. The area 
of greatest density of population is the 
northeastern section, including Bergen, Hud- 
son, Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex 
counties, which with an area of 1018 square 
miles had a population of 2,112,933, or more 
than sixty-five per cent, of the total popu- 
lation of the state. In this section there 
were more than 2000 persons per square 
mile. Hudson County, the smallest in the 
state, had the largest population, which 
was 629,124 or 14,630 per square mile. In 
Hoboken, with an area of less than two square 
miles, the population was more than 68,000 or 
more than 34,000 to the square mile. Other 
thickly populated sections are those of which 
Trenton and Camden are centers. Cape May 
County had the smallest and Ocean County 
the most scattered population, which was 
22,155 or 35 per square mile. 

The urban population, that is, the number 
residing in towns of more than 2500 people, 
was 2,486,378 in 1920, or 79 per cent, of the 
total population. This still leaves a rural popu- 
lation of 669,522, or about 90 per square mile, 
who are largely engaged in cultivation of the 
soil or the raising of stock. 

The chief occupations of the people of the 
state are agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, 
and commerce. Many thousands of people 
of New Jersey are engaged in commercial and 
industrial enterprises and other business pur- 
suits, in the large cities of the neighboring 
states. Many opportunities for comfortable 



residence with all conveniences and advan- 
tages and unsurpassed facilities for rapidly 
traveling back and forth attract many to this 
state who are cmploved in the cities of New 
York and Philadelphia. 




Population of New Jersey 



According to the United States Census of 
1920 the population of the New York City 
Metropolitan District was 7,750,237. In- 
cluded in this district are the cities and towns 
in Hudson County and in parts of Bergen, 
Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex coun- 
ties, with a population of 1,795,590. In the 
Metropolitan District of Philadelphia, with a 
population of over 2,000,000, are parts of 



XX 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester counties 
with a population of 239,740. It is clear, 
therefore, that the occupations of two thirds 
of our people, at least, are subject to the direct 
influence of the commercial and industrial 
activities of these cities. (The United States 
Census Bureau defines a Metropolitan Dis- 
trict as that which embraces the central city 
and all cities or parts of cities which lie within 
ten miles of its boundaries.) 




CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND 
VILLAGES 

The cities, towns, boroughs, and villages of 
New Jersey may be placed in six groups : 
first, those in the New York City Metropoli- 
tan District; second, places lying just out- 
side the Metropolitan District of New York; 
third, Trenton and the towns of the LTpper 
Delaware Valley ; fourth, places in the 
Philadelphia Metropolitan District; fifth, 
places in the southern part of the state, near 
Delaware Bay ; sixth, cities and towns on 
the Atlantic coast. 



Metropolitan District of New York. — The 
following are the chief cities of New Jersey 
in the Metropolitan District of New York : 
Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, 
Paterson, Elizabeth, and Perth Amboy. 

Newark and its Environs. — Newark, in 
1910, had a population of 347,469 and in 
1920 of 414,216. It is the largest city in the 
state and fifteenth in the United States. 
It was settled in 1666 by settlers from Con- 
necticut. It is located on the Passaic River 
and Newark Bay and has a frontage on the 
river and bay of eleven miles. It has water 
communication with New York Bay by way 
of Newark Bay and Kill van Kull. The 
Lhiited States government has dredged a 
channel in the bay three hundred fifty feet 
wide by twenty feet deep. This great im- 
provement and improvements made by the 
city at great expense will greatly increase the . 
commerce of the city. The city enjoys 
excellent railroad facilities. Nine railroads 
including the great trunk lines have fourteen 
stations in the city. It is directly connected 
with the city of New York by passenger trains 
which pass through the Hudson tunnels. It 
has numerous banks, fine office buildings, 
and large department stores. Many trolley 
lines which radiate from it bring to it the 
trade of the many neighboring cities. 

Newark is the first city in the state in 
the variety of its manufactures and in the 
value of its manufactured products. It is 
eleventh among the cities of the United 
States in the value of such products. Its 
great progress in manufactures is due to an 
early start, to the stimulus given by the 
opening of the Morris Canal and by rail- 
road and water transportation. It has a 
large number of important industries which 
include smelting and refining, the making of 
shoes, leather goods of all kinds, hats, jewelry, 
iron, steel, and brass products of all kinds, 
watch cases, paints and varnishes, clothing, 
electrical machinery and appliances, automo- 
bile supplies, tinware, advertising novelties, 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XXI 



celluloid products, trunks, 
fertilizers, furs, brewery prod- 
ucts, and cigars. 

Newark has an excellent 
supply of water which is 
drawn from the valley of the 
Pequannock River in the 
northern part of the Passaic 
basin, twenty-six miles from 
the city. 

Surrounding Newark are many 
important cities and towns which 
reflect the social, commercial, 
and industrial influences of that 
city as well as those of New York. Among these 
are Belleville, Nutley, Montclair, Glen Ridge, 
Bloomfield, Orange, East Orange, West Orange, 
South Orange, Irvington, and Summit. These are 
all largely residential towns whose location and 
abundance of eligible sites for homes are attrac- 
tive. They are all exceptionally active in pro- 
viding educational facilities. They are all 
closely connected with Newark and the city of 
New York by many railroad and trolley lines. In 
most of them land is in such demand for residen- 
tial purposes, that it cannot be used profitably 
for manufacturing purposes, so that this industry 
is naturally discouraged. In some of them, how- 
ever, especially those nearest to Newark, large 
industrial establishments have grown up. Belle- 
ville, just north of Newark, has long been noted for 
its industrial activity and is rapidly growing in 
importance in this respect. Nutley, farther to 
the north, is well known as a town of beautiful 
homes. Montclair, located on the slope of the 
Orange Mountains, is noted for its beautiful 
scenery, its commanding view of many square miles 
of surrounding country with many populous cities, 
and its multitude of beautiful homes, and is the 
home of one of the state normal schools. Glen 
Ridge and Bloomfield, similarly situated, are also 
characterized by their fine dwellings. Bloomfield 
contains many extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments. Among the products are electrical lamps 
and appliances, woolen and worsted goods, colored 
labels, cream separators, chemicals, rubber goods, 
and iron and steel products. Besides being an 
attactive center for residences. Orange is a very 
productive industrial center. Its principal indus- 
try is the manufacture of hats. East Orange has 
long been famous because of its superior attractive- 
ness for dwelling purposes and is filled with beauti- 




Storage-battery factory, West Orange 



ful homes. While the high cost of land does not 
invite manufactures, several large industries are 
located here. Electrical motors and generators, 
surgical appliances, electrical appliances, machin- 
ery, lamps, and hats are manufactured in large 
quantities. West Orange is noted for the manu- 
facture of phonographs, phonograph records, 
moving picture instruments and films, and storage 
batteries. Hats are also extensively manufac- 
tured. South Orange and Summit are most 
attractive residential places, and are developing 
rapidly along this line rather than in the line of 
manufactures. Summit has an important silk 
industry. Irvington, while long known as a town 
devoted to residences, is feeling the industrial 
impulse of Newark, of which it is a suburb, and is 
rapidly becoming a manufacturing center of great 
importance. Its industries are varied and include 
the production of castings, graphite products, tools, 
cutlery, and gold, silver, and platinum products. 
Across the Passaic River from Newark are 
East Newark. Harrison, and Kearney, the last 
including Arlington. These municipalities are 
located in Hudson County and are, therefore, 
officially connected with Jersey City as its county 
seat. But they are much nearer Newark, with 
which they are closely connected by industrial and 
commercial ties. They are prosperous manufac- 
turing centers with industries of national impor- 
tance. In East Newark the most important manu- 
factures are sewing thread and shade rollers. In 
Harrison the industries are varied and the products 
include iron and steel, incandescent lamps, steam 
pumps, roller bearings, elevators, steel and tin toys, 
electric wire, trunks, brass products, tools, metal 
novelties, castings, and machinery. In Kearney 
the important manufactures :ne linoleums, yarns, 
twine, glue, oils, fertilizers, ships, and castings. 



XXII 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 




Jersey City as seen from the Hudson 



Jersey City and its Environs. — A long 
narrow peninsula lies between the Hudson 
River and New York Bay on the east, and 
the Hackensack River and Newark Bay on 
the west. On this peninsula are located 
many prosperous cities. On the southern 
half, which is in Hudson County, is found 
the most densely populated part of the state, 
with many large cities of great industrial and 
commercial importance. 

Jersey City, the largest of this group, had, 
in 1910, a population of 267,779, and in 1920, 
according to the United States Census, 
297,864. It is the second city of the state 
in size, and twenty-first in the United States. 
Parts of it were occupied by the Dutch soon 
after New York was settled, but the first 
permanent government was established in 
1660 at Bergen, which is now a part of the 
city. Here were also established the first 
school and the first church in the state. It 
is located on New Wirk Bay and the Hudson 
River and extends westward from these 
waters to Newark Bay and the Hackensack 
River. It has a frontage on tidal waters 
of about twelve miles and has therefore 
une.\celled facilities for transportation by 
vessels of any size to all the seaports of the 
world. Thirteen railroads have terminals 
in the city. Besides these, there are eleven 
other passenger and freight stations in the 
city. Here the railroads bring the pri)ducts 
of all parts of the country directly to the 
ships which sail to all parts of the world. 



The city is connected directly with the city 
of New York by railroads which pass through 
tunnels under the Hudson. Numerous 
trolley lines connect the different parts of 
the city with each other and with other 
parts of the state. There are nineteen 
banks and trust companies. In manufac- 
turing, Jersey City ranks second in the state. 
Its great commercial and industrial growth 
is due to its nearness to New York, to its 
connection with that city by ferries and 
railroad tunnels, by which passengers and 
freight are carried to the heart of the city 
of New York in a few minutes, and to the 
abundance of facilities for all kinds of trans- 
portation. The most important products 
are sugar, printers' type, soaps and per- 
fumes, meats, silks and embroideries, graph- 
ite products, lead pencils, tobacco, cigars, 
iron, steel and brass products, fire hose, 
rubber goods, soups, watches, chemicals, 
electrical supplies, heating and lighting ap- 
paratus, rope, and paints and varnishes. 

The water used by the city is of excellent 
quality and is brought from the basin of the 
Rockaway River in the northern part of 
the state. The city has eight municipal 
parks and one county park, containing nearly 
two hundred fifty acres. The city maintains 
a normal school for the training of its 
teachers and has an excellent public library, 

Besides being an active industrial center 
it is a residential city. Many thousands whose 
occupations are in the city of New York live 
in Jersey City. 

North of Jersey City and adjacent to it is 
Hoboken. It is the most densely populated city 
in the state. It has connections with several 
railroads, and one of the great trunk lines has its 
terminal station here. The steamships of several 
of the most important transatlantic lines, includ- 
ing Scandinavian and Dutch, dock in Hoboken. 
Hoboken is connected with the city of New York 
by the Hudson River tunnels and by ferries and 
with other cities of the state by many trolley 
lines. Its manufacturing industries include ship- 
building and repairing and the making of lead 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XXlll 



pencils, surveying and nautical instruments, 
marine engines and boilers, silk goods, furniture, 
and wall paper. Here is located the well-known 
Stevens Institute of Technology. 

North of Hoboken and Jersey City are several 
cities and towns which are very important indus- 
trially and are rapidly growing in population. 
Their nearness to these cities and to each other 
makes their industries and interests similar. 
These are West Hoboken, Union, West New York, 
North Bergen, Weehawken, Guttenberg, and Se- 
caucus. These are all populous and thriving com- 
munities. There are many valuable industries. 



tion in 1920 of 135,866 and is the third city of 
the state in size. The founding of the city 
was suggested by Alexander Hamilton, who 
foresaw the value of the power generated by 
the falls and made plans to use it for manu- 
facturing purposes. Its great growth as a 
manufacturing center is largely due to this 
power. In the value of its manufactures, it 
is the fifth among the cities of the state. Its 
most important industry is the manufacture 
of silk products of all kinds. In this industry 



among which the manufacture of silks and em- it stands first among the cities of the country, 

broideries is the most important. This section It has many other extensive industrial plant.s, 

leads the state in the manufacture of embroideries ^^ich include machine shops, foundries, roll- 

and is second only to 1 aterson in that ot silk • n 1 1 1 ■ 1 i- 1 

J ^ 1 ■ j • 1 • 1 ing mills, locomotive works, dyeing establish- 

goods. Uther industries are machine shops, t^ ' ' . » 

marine construction, and the manufacture of ments, and thread and cordage mills, 
pianos, lamps, lard, and rubber goods. In Secau- 
cus vegetable gardening is important. 

South of Jersey City lies the city of Bayonne, 
which is the third city of the state in the value 
of manufactured products. Its ftontage on New 
York Bay on the east, Newark Bay on the west, 
and Kill van Kiill on the south, gives it excep- 
tional facilities for deep-water transportation. It 
has, besides, ample railroad facilities. It is the 
most important center for the refining of petroleum 
in the world. The oil is brought in pipe lines from 
the oil fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio to the 
refineries, from which the many refined products 
are carried to all parts of the world. There are 
many other extensive industries, of which the 
following may be mentioned : the manufacturing of 
steam boilers, iron, steel, and bronze products, 
cottonseed oil, nickel and copper 
products, borax, insulated wire, 
and silk goods. 

The northern part of the pen- 
insula, which is in Bergen County, 
contains many attractive towns 
which are largely residential in 
character. Among them are En- 
glewood and Fort Lee. Edge- 
water on the Hudson at the foot 
of the Palisades has important 
industries. The chief products are 
sugar and sirups. 



Passaic, located on the Passaic Rivet a few miles 
southeast of Paterson, is specially noted for its 
manufacture of woolen and worsted goods, in 
which it is the first city of the state. It has other 
extensive industries, including the manufacture 
of handkerchiefs and other cotton goods, rubber 
goods, belting and packing material, machinery, 
metal, leather and silk goods, and print and 
chemical works. Passaic is, besides, an attractive 
residential city. 

Northeast of Passaic is Hackensack on the 
Hackensack River, which is a prosperous residen- 
tial town. Between Paterson and Passaic are 
Clifton, a growing manufacturing town, Lodi, with 
its extensive dyeing industry, and Garfield with 
its large establishments for the manufacture of 



Paterson and Neighboring 
Cities and Towns. — Paterson, 
located at the Falls of the 
Passaic River, had a popula- 




Docks at Hoboken. The principal port of embarkation and debarkation 
of United States troops in the World War 



XXIV 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



woolen and worsted goods, waxed paper, em- 
broideries, and yarns. Southwest of Paterson is 
Little Falls, whose principal manufactures are 
carpets and rugs. Rutherford, Hasbrouck Heights, 
Ridgewood, and Westwood are tow ns in this section 
wiiich are specially inviting to residents. 

Elizabeth and Neighboring Towns. — Eliz- 
abeth is one of the oldest towns in the 
state. It was settled in 1664 and was the 
residence of Sir Philip Carteret, the first 
Governor of New Jersey. It is most favor- 
ably situated for both manufacturing and 
residential purposes. Its location on Arthur 
Kill and Newark Bay gives it deep water 
connection through Kill van Kull with New 
\'ork Bay, and it has besides ample railroad 
facilities. It has many industries, the largest 
of which, and the largest of its kind in the 
world, IS the manufacture of sewing machines. 
Other industries are the manufacture of iron 
and steel products of all kinds, and of electrical 
appliances, tanning, printing, and shipbuild- 
ing. It has always been popular as a place 
of residence with many whose business is in 
New York. 

Rahway, a few miles southwest of Elizabeth, is a 
flourishing city whose chief industries are the man- 
ufacture of felt, cereals, steel products, clothing, 
music boxes, and printing and book binding. 
RoseUe, Rosalie Park, Cranford, and Westfield 
are attractive residential towns west of Elizabeth, 
with excellent educational facilities. Garwood, in 
this vicinity, is an important manufacturing town. 

Perth Amboy and Neighboring Towns. — 
Perth Amboy was settled in 16.84 ^nd alter- 
nated with Burlington as the meeting place 
of the New Jersey assembly after the union 
of the provinces in 1702. Its great indus- 
trial activity has increased its population by 
more than 100 per cent in the last fifteen 
years. Its rapid industrial growth is due to 
its location at the mouth of the Raritan River 
and on Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill, as well 
as to its railroad facilities, and to the extensive 
deposits of clay which are found here. The 
development of these has led to the establish- 
ment of large manufacturing plants whose 



products are terra cotta, earthenware, and 
tile of all kinds. Other important industries 
are the refining of gold, silver, copper, and 
lead, the preparation of vaseline, boat build- 
ing, the shipping of coal, and the manufacture 
of cigars, insulated wire, chemicals, and steel 
products. It is the fourth city in the state 
in the value of manufactured products. 

Near Perth Amboy are Metuchen, Woodbridge, 
South Amboy, Sayreville, and South River, which 
are populous towns and have extensive industries 
similar to those of Perth Amboy. In Woodbridge 
the output of fire brick is specially important. 
In Sayreville and South River special attention is 
given to the manufacture of building brick. In 
all there is considerable shipping of clays to other 
points. Many varied industries are found in 
Carteret to the northeast of Woodbridge. 

Places on the Outskirts of the MetropoUtan 
District of New York. — Lying just beyond the 
New York City Metropolitan District, yet 
feeling its influence more and more as the 
facilities for communication are increased, 
are a number of important towns. 

Morristown, in Morris County, is famous be- 
cause of Its Revolutionary associations. It is 
distinctively a residential town, which possesses 
great municipal and educational advantages. 
Madison is another residential town, whose peculiar 
and most important industry is the cultivation of 
roses. Boonton and Dover have picturesque loca- 
tions and are industrially active. Their chief 
products are boilers, furnaces, hosiery, iron, hats, 
and silk goods. 

In Union County is Plainfield, which is well 
known on account of its residential advantages, its 
unexcelled schools, and its industrial importance. 
Its principal manufactures are printing presses, 
electrical appliances, garments, machine tools, 
and machine shop products. North Plainfield is a 
residential suburb. 

Somerville is an attractive and prosperous town 
with industries which manufacture clothing, laces, 
and iron pipe. Bound Brook is at the junction of 
three trunk line railroads and is located on the 
Raritan Canal. It is therefore an active industrial 
center. At Finderne, between Somerville and 
Bound Brook, are large asbestos works. 

New Brunswick, which was built up about the 
ferry established here in 1697, is situated on the 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XXV 



Raritan River and at the eastern end of the Raritan 
Canal, and enjoys superior facihties for water and 
railroad transportation. Its most extensive indus- 
try is the manufacture of surgical dressings. Other 
manufactured products are machinery, woolen 
goods, iron and steel products, automobiles, 
cigars, and wall paper. Here is situated Rutgers 
College, which includes the State Agricultural 
College and Experiment Station. The State 
Home for Boys is located at Jamesbvtrg. Key- 
port, with its fisheries and growing manufacturing 
industries, is situated on lower New '\'ork. Bay 
and has rail and water connections with that city. 
Freehold is always associated with the battle of 
Monmouth. It has important canning and rug- 
making industries. 

Trenton and the Towns of the Upper Dela- 
ware Valley. — Frenton, the capital of the 
state since 1790, was settled about 1679. 
Here occurred the Battle of Trenton, which is 
commemorated by an imposing monument. 
It is situated on the Delaware at the head 
of navigation. The Delaware and Raritan 
Canal passes through the city. It thus has 
the advantage of transportation by water and 
railway. The water power developed by 
the Falls of the Delaware encouraged the 
establishment and growth of the city's in- 
dustries, but these have grown so extensive 
that they do not rely upon it. In the 
neighborhood of Trenton are deposits of clay 
which were the basis of the pottery indus- 
try. It has forty-eight potteries and in this 
industry it is rivaled by only one city in the 
United States. The local clay is now used 
very little. The better grades of pottery 
require the finer clays which are obtained 
from England, France, and some states of 
this country. It manufactures more sanitary 
earthenware than any other city in the coun- 
try. Other extensive industries are automo- 
bile factories, iron and steel works, machine 
shops, foundries, rubber works, woolen mills, 
watch factories, and oilcloth and linoleum 
factories. 

The state and city acting together have 
created a large public park which extends 
along the Delaware River and includes the 



grounds around the state capitol. The trade 
of the surrounding country makes the city 
a thriving business center. 

Northeast of Trenton is Princeton, memorable 
as the scene of the Battle of Princeton and rich 
in historic associations. Here is located Princeton 
University, founded in 1746. 

Lambertville, on the Delaware northeast of 
Trenton, is a prosperous town with considerable 
water power, whose principal industries are rock 
quarries, rubber works, and canning factories. 
Pennington and Hopewell in the interior are indus- 
trious canning centers. At PhiUipsburg, on the 
Delaware, opposite the mouth of the Lehigh, five 
railroads meet. It is the western terminus of the 
Morris Canal. These transportation facilities 
make it a strongly industrial town. Its principal 
products are air compressors and rock drills, horse- 
shoes, canisters, iron pipe, boilers, and silks. The 
principal cement works of the state are located 
near PhiUipsburg. Belvidere, on the Delaware 
above PhiUipsburg; Washington, Hackettstown, 
and Blairstown, in the interior, are popular residen- 
tial towns. In Washington pianos and organs, and 
in Hackettstown saws and leather, are the chief 
industrial products. In Hackettstown and Blairs- 
town well-known educational institutions are 
located. Newton is located in the picturesque 
mountain region of Sussex County. Here dairy 
farming is important. Its chief manufactures are 
shoes, silks, and dyeing. 

Flemington and High Bridge, in Hunterdon 
County, though not located in the Delaware 
Valley, are near it. They are important centers 
of trade in agricultural sections with growing 
industries. High Bridge is in the heart of the 
peach-growing section and has large steel works. 
So also Franklin Furnace, in Sussex County, is in 
the Wallkill \ alley and is the center of the zinc- 
miniiig industry. 

Camden and Neighboring Cities and Towns. 
— In this group are included the towns 
which are located in the southwestern part 
of the state and which are usually considered 
as belonging to the Metropolitan District of 
Philadelphia or are near it. All are vitally 
affected by its stimulating commercial and 
industrial impulse. 

The largest city of this group is Camden, 
on the Delaware opposite Philadelphia, 
founded about 1680 and known in colo- 



XXVI 



GEOGRAPHY- OF NEW JERSEY 



nial days as Cooper's 
Ferry. It shares 
with Philadelphia 
the advantages of 
the deep-water route 
to the ocean through 
the Delaware River 
and Bay. It owes 
Its first industrial 
impulse to the open- 
ing of the Camden 
and Amboy Rail- 
road. From It many 
railroads radiate to 
all parts of the state 

and one crosses the Delaware to Pennsylvania. 
Direct communication with Philadelphia is 
maintained by ferries. More rapid com- 




Canning factory, filling and capping cans, Camden 




Camden, Philadelphia, and vicinity 



munication will soon 
be obtained when 
the proposed tunnels 
under the Delaware 
are completed. Its 
mdustries, which are 
of the most varied 
character, have in- 
creased with aston- 
ishing rapidity. The 
most extensive are 
the manufacture of 
talking machines and 
shipbuilding. Here 
the largest battle- 
ships and merchant vessels can be built. 
One of the shipbuilding plants is the largest 
in the country. Other extensive industries 
are foundries, machine shops, 
woolen mills, chemical works, 
factories for the manufac- 
ture of cigars, paints, candies, 
leather, licorice, linoleum, 
writing pens, and the prepara- 
tion of soups. 

Northeast of Camden, on the 
Delaware, are Riverside and 
Beverly, which are important 
centers of manufacture and of 
truck farming. Farther up is 
Burlington, which was settled in 
1677 and was the capital of West 
Jersey. It has ample facilities for 
transportation by rail and water. 
Its interests are both agricultural 
and manufacturing. Its prnici- 
pal products are shoes, iron pipe, 
and hardware. Bordentown, the 
southwestern terminus of the 
Delaware and Rantan Canal, also 
has excellent transportation facili- 
ties. Its most important indus- 
tries are the canning of vegetables 
;ind the manufacture of yarns and 
thiy products. In the ititcrior. 
the old town. Mount Holly, is rich 
in agricultural products and has 
industries which produce hosiery* 
shoes, and tapestry goods. East 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



XXVll 



and southeast of Camden are Merchantville, 
Moorestown, Collingswood, and Haddonfield, which 
are distinctively residential towns, but in which 
vegetable raismg is an important industry'. 

Gloucester, on the Delaware south of Camden, 
is a growing industrial center. Its products are 
yarns, paper, and gas mantles. It has communica- 
tion with Phdadelphia by ferries, which transport 
the produce of the rich truck and fruit farms of the 
surrounding country to that city. Woodbury is a 
prosperous residential town with industries which 
make pianos and glass bottles. Next to the 
southward are Swedesboro, Glassboro, and Clay- 
ton, whose prmcipal industrial activities are con- 
nected with the making of glass and the raising and 
canning of vegetables and fruits. 

Towns near Delaware Bay. — Farther south on 
tlie outskirts of the Philadelphia Metropolitan 
District are the very active business and in- 
dustrial center, Salem, settled by the Quakers 
in 1675, Bridgeton, Vineland, and Millville. 

In these towns the glass factories are extensive 
and make all kinds of glass articles. In Bridgeton 
and Millville many persons are employed in the 
mining and shipping of glass sand. Molding 
sand is also a product. In and surrounding these 
towns are large areas of farm land devoted to the 
raising of all kinds of vegetables, berries, and tree 
fruits for the markets. Great quantities of these 
are preserved in the many large canning factories 
which are located in them. Vineland produces 
much bottled grape juice. These towns have also 
diversified industries of other kinds. 

In Cape May Court House the important indus- 
trial activities are the making of glass bottles and 
the raising of berries and other fruits. 

Cities and Towns on the Atlantic Coast. 
Along the Atlantic coast are many cities and 
towns which are popular health and pleasure 
resorts. The many railroads which connect 
them with the large cities have made them 
convenient of access so that thousands of 
people visit them in the summer time. 

The largest of these is Atlantic City, which is the 
largest seasidere.sort in the country and is devoted 
entirely to the entertainment of visitors. It is 
said to contain more than one thousand hotels. 
Its permanent population numbers somewhat 
more than 50,000, but in the summer time its 
population is estimated at about 300,000. It has 



a climate favorable to those who are convalescing 
from illness or seek to recuperate their health. 
On this account it is a popular resort during the 
entire year. It has a superior school system 
and all the other facilities and institutions which 
mark the progressive city. Long Branch, farther 
north, is the oldest resort on the coast. Another 
resort of many years standing is Cape May City. 
Other well-known resorts are Ocean City, Point 
Pleasant, Sea Girt, Manasquan, Spring Lake, 
Belmar, Ocean Grove, Asbury Park, Sea Bright, 
and Atlantic Highlands. Red Bank, with its many 
attractive country homes, is situated on the 
Navesink and is classed as a seaside resort. 

Lakewood, among the pines of Ocean County, 
is a popular winter health resort. 

TABLES 

Table I. — References on the Geography of 
New Jersey 

1. Reports and other publications of the 
Department of Conservation and Development 
of New Jersey, including 

a. Reports of the State Geological Survey 

and of the State Geologist. 

b. The Geologic Atlas of New Jersey. 

c. Topographic Atlas, including state, geo- 

logic, and railroad maps. 

d. Reports of the Forest Park Reservation 

Commission. 

e. Reports of the State Water Supply Com- 

mission. 

2. Reports of the Palisades Interstate Park 
Conmiission. 

3. Reports of the State Board of Agriculture. 

4. The Industrial Directory of New Jersey, 
published by the Bureau of Statistics. 

5. Publications of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey. 

6. Reports and bulletins of the United States 
Census Bureau. 

7. Publications of the United States Depart- 
ment of ,'\griculture, including those of the Weather 
Bureau. 

8. Legislative Manual, State of New Jersej'. 

9. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State — Lee. 

10. A Brief History of New Jersey — Ellis and 
Snyder. 

11. Local histories and transactions of local 
historical societies. 



XXVlll 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY 



Table II. — Leading Manufacturing Industries 
OF New Jersey, According to the United States 
Census of 191 4 



Table IV. — Cities, Towns, Boroughs, and Vil- 
lages OF New Jersey Having 2000 or More 
People in 1920 



Industry 



All industries 

Smelting and refining copper .... 

Petroleum products 

Silk and silk goods 

Foundry and machine shop products . 
Electrical machinery and supplies . 
Slaughtering and meat packing . 

1 ohacco 

Woolen, worsted, and felt goods . 
Ruhber goods, rubber hose, and belting 

Chemicals 

Leather 

Dyeing and finishing textiles .... 
Bread and bakery products . . . . 

Cotton goods 

Pottery, brick, tile, terracotta 

Soap 

Food preparations, confec'y, chocolate 

Paint and varnish 

Printmg and publishmg 

Gas, illummating and heatmg 

Cannmg and preserving 

Copper, tin, and sheet iron products . 
Lumber and timber products . . . . 

Ship and boat building 

Clothing, men's, including shirts 

Oilcloth and linoleum 

Jewelry 

Boots and shoes 

Fertilizer 

Paper and wood pulp 

Hats and hat materials 

Millinery and lace 

Oils, grease and tallow 

Iron and steel 

Railway cars and shop products . 

Gold and silver refining 

Automobiles, incl. bodies and parts 



Value of 
Products 



11,406,633,414 

159,198,876 
90,876,993 
75,706,449 

74,126,941 
40,740,810 
40,108,471 

39,695,997 
36,268,561 

31,686,865 
31,651,831 
27,986,512 
25,458,216 
[6,782,164 
[6,693,447 
[6,692,406 
16,529,429 
[6,086,717 
4,083,011 
4,020,050 
3,764,955 
12,499,728 
[2,482,553 
1,860,965 

1.547.363 
1,384,311 

I.347.45S 

1,204,323 

1,197,690 

10,931,431 

10,569,597 
10,485,723 
10,475,379 
10,420,452 
10,344,659 
10,078,176 
8,237,416 



Table III. — Area and Population of the Coun- 
ties OF New Jersey, According to the United 
States Census of 1920 



CODNTV 


Area 
Square 
Miles 


Popula- 
tion 1920 


County 


Area 
Square 
Miles 


Popula- 
tion 1920 


Atlantic . . 


569 


83.8S3 


Middlesex . . 


312 


162,334 


Bergen . 


237 


2io,6SS 


Monmouth . 


479 


104,906 


Burlinston 


815 


81,770 


Morris . . . 


475 


82,294 


Canidt-n 


222 


I go, 508 


Ocean . 




637 


22,155 


Cape May . . 


265 


10,460 


Passaic . 




196 


250,148 


Cumberland . 


500 


61.348 


Salem . 




343 


36,572 


Essex . . . 


127 


651,807 


Somerset 




305 


48,015 


Gloucester . . 


332 


48.224 


Sussex . 




529 


24.905 


Hudson . . 


43 


620,124 


Union . 




103 


199,832 


Hunterdon 


437 


32.88s 


Warren . 




362 


45,057 


Mercer . . . 


226 


159,881 


The State 




7,514 


3,155.900 



Cities, Towns, etc 


Population 


Cities, Towns, etc. 


Population 


Newark . . . . 


414,216 


Haddonfield . . . 


5,646 


Jersey City 






298,079 


Madison . . . . 


5,523 


Patersun . 






135,866 


East Rutherford 


5.463 


Trenton 






110,289 


Roselle Park . . . 


5,438 


Camden . 






110,309 


Secaucus . . . . 


5,423 


Elizabeth . 






95.682 


Boonton . . . . 


5,372 


Bayonne . 






76.754 


Wrightstown . . . 


5,288 


Hoboken . 






68,166 


Hawthorne . . . 


5,135 


Passaic . . 






63.824 


Fairview . . . . 


4,882 


East Orange 






50,710 


Highland Park . . 


4,866 


.Atlantic City 




50,682 


Freehold . . . . 


4,768 


Perth .\mbov 




41,707 


Merthantville . . 


4,754 


West Hoboken 




40,068 


.\udubon . . . . 


4,740 


Orange . . . 




33.268 


Lambertville . . . 


4,660 


New Brunswick 




32,779 


Glen Ridge . . . 


4,620 


West New York 




29.926 


Carlstadt . . . . 


4,472 


Monttlair . . 




28,810 


Ravitan . . . . 


4,457 


Plaintield . 






27,700 


Keyport . . . . 


4,41s 


Kearnev . 






26,724 


Bordentown . . . 


4,371 


CUfton . . 






26,470 


Paulsboro . . . . 


4,352 


Irvington . 






25,480 


Prospect Park . . 


4,292 


Bluomtield 






22,019 


Newton . . . . 


4,125 


Union . . 






20,651 


Franklin . . . . 


4,075 


Garfield . 






19.381 


Caldwell . . . . 


3,993 


Hackensack 






17.667 


Bogota 


3,906 


Phillipsburg 






16.923 


Bergenfield . . . 


3,667 


Harrison . 






15.721 


Edgewater . . . 


3,530 


BeUe\ille . 






15.660 


Halcdon . . . . 


3,435 


West Orange 






15.573 


Dunellen . . . . 


3.394 


Millvillc . 






14,691 


Pitman . . . . 


3,385 


Bridgetim . 






14,323 


Washington . . . 


3,341 


L(_>ng Branch 






13.521 


Metuchen . . . . 


3,334 


Morristown 






12.548 


East Newark . . 


3,057 


Asburv Park 






12,400 


Verona 


3.039 


Gloucester 






12,162 


Cape May . . . 


2,999 


Englewood 






11,617 


Leonia 


2,979 


Roosevelt . 






11,047 


Haddon Heights 


2,950 


KahwaN' . 






11,042 


Hackettstown 


2,936 


Summit 






10,174 


Wanaquc . . . . 


2,916 


Dover . . 






9,817 


Hasbrouck Heights 


2,895 


Rutherford 






9,497 


Butter 


2,886 


Nutle\' . . 






9,421 


Wharton . . . . 


2,877 


Red Bank . 






9,251 


Wildwood . . . . 


2,790 


Burlinglon 






9,049 


Little Ferry . . . 


2,715 


Westfield . 






9,026 


Hightstown . . . 


2,674 


Collingswood 




8,714 


Jamesburg . . . 


2,671 


Ridgelield Park 




8,570 


Rockaway . . . 


2,655 


Lodi . . . 




8,175 


Palisades Park . 


2,633 


South .\mboy 




7,897 


Egg Harbor . . . 


2,622 


Ridgewood 




7,580 


Westwood . . . 


2,597 


Salem . . . 




7,435 


Flcmington . 


2,590 


South Orange 




7.274 


Milltown . . . . 


2.573 


North Pkiinfield 




6,916 


Beverly . . . . 


2,562 


Vineland . . 




6,799 


Dumont . . . . 


2,537 


Guttenberg 






6,726 


Ocean City . . . 


2,512 


Somerville 






6,7iS 


East Patcrson . . 


2,441 


South River 






6,596 


Chatham . . . . 


2,421 


Hammonton 






6,417 


Westville . . . . 


2,380 


Pennsgrove 






6,060 


Riverton . . . . 


2,34 > 


Princeton . 






5,917 


Bradley Beach . 


2,307 


Boundbrook 






S,9o6 


Midland Park . . 


2,243 


Pleasantville 






5,887 


Ventnor . . . . 


2,203 


Woodbury 






5.801 


Bloomingdale . . 


2,193 


Fort Lee . 






5.761 


Glen Rock . . . 


2,181 


Roselle . . 






5,737 


Alpha 


2,140 


Wallington 






5,715 


Ramsey . . . . 


2,090 


ClitTside Park 






5.709 


Pompton Lakes . . 


2,008 


Tenafly . 






5,650 







LXBRfiRY OF CONGRESS 



iilll III lllllllllllllllliilllillllll 

014 432 820 6 %» 



